| א |
ב |
ג |
ד |
ה |
ו |
ז |
ח |
ט |
י |
כ |
| glottal
stop |
b |
g |
d |
h |
w |
z |
voiceless
pharyngeal fricative |
emphatic t |
y |
k |
| zero |
v |
(gh) |
(dh) |
a/e
vowel at end of word |
o/u
vowel |
i
vowel |
kh |
|||
| ל |
מ |
נ |
ס |
ע |
פ |
צ | ק |
ר |
ש |
ת |
| l |
m |
n |
s |
voiced
pharyngeal fricative |
p |
emphatic s |
emphatic k |
r |
s |
t |
| (voiced
uvular fricative) |
f |
sh |
th |
| ا
ى |
ب |
ج |
د
ذ |
ه
ة |
و |
ز |
ح
خ |
ط
ظ |
ي |
ك |
| glottal
stop |
b |
j |
d |
h |
w |
z |
voiceless
pharyngeal
fricative |
emphatic
t |
y |
k |
| zero
or a vowel |
dh |
a
vowel at end of word |
u
vowel |
kh |
emphatic
z |
i
vowel |
||||
| ل |
م |
ن |
ع
غ |
ف |
س
ش |
ق |
ر |
ش
س |
ت
ث |
|
| l |
m |
n |
voiced
pharyngeal
fricative |
f |
emphatic
s |
emphatic k |
r |
s |
t |
|
| voiced
uvular
fricative |
emphatic
d |
sh |
th |
Colour codes
green: This consonant is pronounced differently depending on vowel relations. This only happens for Alef in Arabic.
blue: This consonant is used for a vowel. In Arabic this includes Alef.
yellow: This symbol represents two distinct consonants depending on the dots. In Hebrew the voiced pharyngeal fricative and the voiced uvular fricative collapsed (became the same) in most dialects in Biblical times and thus used the same symbol.
red: This symbol is missing in Arabic and the consonant it stood for collapsed with "s" a long time ago.
no colour/background colour: This symbol stands for exactly one consonant, even if it looks similar to another symbol.
The consonants in brackets are pronunciations that are known to have existed but have died out in Hebrew.
The consonants underlined are those that survived in Arabic but have never existed as separate consonants in Hebrew and Aramaic (but only as alternative vowel-related pronunciations of existing consonants).